Student- Teacher relationships will improve :: essays papers

Understudy Teacher connections will improve From the absolute first day of school on, understudy instructor connections will be improved in littler classes. Patricia Handley has been a grade teacher for twenty-eight years. She has had the chance to instruct in both little and enormous classes. On the primary day of showing her first little class Handley remarks, â€Å"I promptly noticed their feeling of significance; nobody appeared to be lost in the crowd† (2002). In a little class, as the understudies enter, the educator can set aside the effort to welcome every one. The educator will gain proficiency with the names of the kids quicker. The speedier the understudy is called by their name and the more individual consideration they get from the educator, the more agreeable they are going to feel communicating to the instructor in a learning situation. â€Å" In a class of fifteen understudies, we can rapidly find out around each other and do as such in more depth† (Handley, 2002). Every kid is a person. When an i nstructor gets the opportunity to become more acquainted with the understudies, they can work to oblige the qualities and shortcomings in the learning procedure. Understudies will have a progressively advantageous learning experience Numerous schools all through the country have attempted littler classes. Individuals from a showing group in Narcoossee Community School in St. Cloud, Florida have remarked that when understudies return from summer get-away, they are energetic to see everyone and start the learning procedure, more so than before the program began (McGoogan, 2001). Gathering conversations can be a significant piece of a school day. In little classes, everyone can get an opportunity to partake. At the point when understudies can address a class in their rudimentary years, they will pick up certainty. In the event that they become accustomed to adding to class conversations, more than likely, they will clutch that and use it as they progress through secondary school and school. At the point when understudies are in a littler setting, they will become more acquainted with each other better, just as the educator. At the point when understudies are alright with the individuals around them, they won't feel modest or scared to lift their hands to respond to an inquiry. As understudies share their thoughts and sentiments with their friends, they will improve their learning. They will have the option to gain from what others state and they will turn out to be progressively intrigued on the subject of the conversation on the off chance that they are enga ged with some way.

Reflection of Cross Culture in Business Communication

Question: Talk about the Reflection of Cross Culture in Business Communication. Answer Presentation Correspondence is a vital piece of business and powerful correspondence incredibly helps in accomplishing significant levels of productivity(Broadbent, 2013). Each association has a procedure through which it conveys among its different partners. The extent of this present reflection examination depends on Coles Supermarket, Australia and its issues looked in interchanges. Coles has different markets based over various area, the present case examination is concerning its store situated at Scarborough Street. The administrator of the Company can't impart to its representatives successfully as he is viewed as an individual who can't talk or compose English appropriately. Therefore, the accompanying investigation is finished by Schramms model of correspondence which incorporates a powerful procedure of moving message from one individual to another(Martin, 2010). Investigation Correspondence process inside an association includes an intricate and dynamic procedure wherein any sort of obstacle may make obstruction it. In Coles Supermarkets in Australia in Scarborough there is a difficulties experienced in communication(Amatya, 2010). As indicated by Schramms model, the administrator gives the message in type of an encoder and moves the message to its representatives who thus interpret the message. Figure 1: Schramm's Model of Communication Source: (www.businesstopia.net, Retrieved on sixth April 2017) The message from the encoder gets moved to the decoder in different structures it tends to be through letter, email, dashboard messages, gatherings, etc. While the message gets moved through a medium there may be a few obstructions which makes the message change. The most basic piece of the message correspondence is the way toward moving message from sender to receiver(Nwagbara, 2013). While the recipient, which for this situation are the workers gets the message he deciphers it and deciphers information in that data. In different occurrences when the supervisor had needed a rack to be re-adjusted to pick up client consideration, it was not done as the representatives on the shop floor couldn't adhere to his directions. Further, because of the client pressure at this present store there has been not kidding miscommunications among staffs and administrator. While the supervisor had expected the staffs to support the clients, it had not occurred in like manner and it was just later in the day when client pressure had diminished that staffs took care of clients easily(Arnold, 2015). In the event that the workers could comprehend the supervisors message it would push them to effortlessly beat the test with respect to support time and congestion issue. This additionally prompted the chief having negative comprehension with respect to different representatives. The chief because of absence of ability in English language frequently imparted improperly which prompted misconstruing of the data in totality. While his aims and translations are proposed with best of intends to focus on organization development and advancement, yet his subordinates can't comprehend the information(McQuail, 2015). In this manner, the message moved through either verbal or non-verbal strategies isn't deciphered accurately which prompts useful wastefulness in the equivalent. Regardless of whether in meeting or email or in some other type of correspondence because of twists in the language the best possible message isn't getting moved. So as to determine this issue relating to correspondence, the chief needs to attempt classes on correspondence just as in English. Such class will assist him with achieving a level in correspondence which will permit him to convey with no preventions and move his messages effectively to his subordinates. These classes will likewise help the subordinates in deciphering the message in a superior way(Louhiala-Salminen, 2011). The representatives need to give normal criticism on each message that is expected at them from the director. Subsequently, the procedure of criticism will ensure that the director or representatives see one another. Schramms correspondence structure is compelling as it gives a system to legitimate correspondence to occur. It is through the procedure of nonstop criticism that vital sources of info with respect to improper correspondence can be comprehended and afterward legitimate activities to address it very well may be taken. Furthermore a survey of conditions winning in correspondence in any association must be comprehended by methods for audit strategy. While criticism in the Schramms structure will permit comprehension and adapting to significant difficulties, audit of existing procedure as often as possible can permit seeing any holes that win in communication(DiSanza, 2016). The Supermarket needs to attempt such intermittent audits to empower them to embrace an appropriate correspondence process and to upgrade efficiency. As correspondence forms significantly prevents and impacts the whole procedure of profitability particularly in a general store as this one. Henceforth the Schramms structure has permitted to recognize and analyze any difficulties that emerge in correspondence through investigation and beating the equivalent. End Schramms model of correspondence works with the procedure of sender and collector moving different kinds of data. The translation of the message is attempted by both collector and sender of the message. This procedure works viably when there is minor or no deviation in message. In any case, if there should be an occurrence of any deterrents the message without anyone else may get misshaped or on the off chance that the encoder or decoder has any kind of interpretational issue. The above case examination mirrors that while Coles Supermarket supervisor didn't have any operational issue yet because of absence of his abilities in English language his messages frequently used to get deciphered in an incorrect manner. Henceforth, this procedure of translation can be comprehended by method of criticism got structure a few workers and undertaking a seminar on correspondence. Reference Lists Amatya, L. K. (2010). Improving correspondence for the executives of social-natural frameworks in high mountain zones. . Mountain Research and Development, 69-79. Arnold, E. C. (2015). Relational connections: Professional relational abilities for attendants. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Broadbent, D. E. (2013). Recognition and correspondence. . Elsevier. DiSanza, J. R. (2016). Business and expert correspondence: Plans, procedures, and execution. Pearson. Louhiala-Salminen, L. . (2011). Proficient correspondence in a worldwide business setting: The thought of worldwide open skill. IEEE Transactions on proficient correspondence, 244-262. Martin, J. N. (2010). Intercultural correspondence in settings. McQuail, D. . (2015). Correspondence models for the investigation of mass interchanges. Routledge. Nwagbara, U. . (2013). Corporate social obligation correspondence in the time of new media: Towards the rationale of manageability correspondence. Revista de Management Comparat International, 400. www.businesstopia.net. (Recovered on sixth April 2017). Schramm's Model of Communication. https://www.businesstopia.net/correspondence/schramms-model-correspondence.

Apartheid in South Africa Essay -- South African Apartheid

Bigotry is keeps an eye on gravest risk to man...the limit of disdain for a base explanation. - Abraham Heschel The Apartheid. An encounter that left a large number of Black South Africans without rights, property, and even lives. Albeit unique in its name, the thoughts were not unique in itself. The difficulty goes back to 1652 when the early Dutch pilgrims moved into A black area set for change the request for human progress (Rotberg 18). Boers (Rotberg; 18) as the Dutch called themselves, took up an extraordinary fundamentalist Calvinist translation of religion (Rotberg 19). This religion involves that one be a leader of all (Rotberg 20). In 1795, English principle came over the Dutch bringing about a contention between English pioneers and Dutch (Afrikaner) pilgrims. The two gatherings enabled South Africa and didn't share the force similarly. In the mid 1900s there was a warmed fight over the disclosure of precious stones which denoted a triumph for the Dutch (Rotberg 18). Anyway this triumph was not won essentially without anyone else. Dark South Africans aided the war. From this, the Du tch felt they expected to change stricter disallowances for the Blacks to follow; bringing about another motivation to isolate the Whites from the Non-Whites: cited by a British Native Administrator, it was expected to change warriors (Blacks) into workers working for compensation (Dugard, Haysom, and Marcus 25). Blacks were viewed as warriors on account of their fight with the British and Dutch (Dugard, Haysom, and Marcus 25). The Dutch, who at that point changed their name to the Afrikaner National Party, did as such as a way to isolate themselves from the English just as guarantee social and efficient masteries towards all Blacks. This name remained with them until the late 1940s ... ...e society in which all people live respectively in concordance and with equivalent chances. It is a perfect which I would like to live for and to accomplish. In any case, if the requirements be it is a perfect for which I am set up to kick the bucket- Nelson Mandela, liberated detainee after the Apartheid reached a conclusion ( Gordimer, Goldblatt 92). WORKS CITED Dugard, John, Nicholas Haysom, and Gilbert Marcus. The Last Years of Apartheid: Civil Liberties in South Africa. US of America: Ford Foundation, 1992. Gordimer, Nadine, David Goldblatt. Lifetimes Under Apartheid. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. Pomeroy, William J. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation, Imperialism, and African Freedom. New York: International Publishers, 1986. Neame, L.E. The History of Apartheid. New York: London House and Maxwell, 1962. Rotberg, Robert I. Consummation Autocracy, Enabling Democracy. Cambridge: World Peace Foundation, 2002.

Puritan Influence in Contemporary American Society - Literature Essay Samples

Puritans are often mischaracterized as overly strict and moral persons whose lives revolve around killjoy attitudes and laws against all innocent social pleasures. Qualities of sympathy, charity, and compassion are rarely tied to Puritanism or seen as characteristics that exemplified their way of life. (Newberry, 101) In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter however, these traits are exemplified as recessive, as opposed to nonexistent, in the actions and lives of Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. These are outcasts shunned by society because they failed to live up to the Puritans strict and unwavering standards of moral behavior. However, the Puritans narrow moralism and social repression still had a much deeper influence in the United States than did the recessive qualities depicted in Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale (Barzun, 283). The current role of women in society and attitudes toward deception and scandal today exemplify Puritans thinking.Numerous events in The Scarlet Letter help us paint a clearer picture about the role of women in Puritan society. Cindy Lou Daniels writes about one reoccurring example, In Hawthornes novel, the strict authoritarianism of Puritan patriarchy finds its object in the child Pearl, whobecomes the target of the Puritans efforts to control both human sexuality, and its literary, historical expression. A patriarchic position results because the Puritans assume they have the authority to determine how Hester, and therefore Pearl, should live the rest of their lives. Hester is assigned a lesser value than the rest of society not only by living in seclusion, but also the very mark of the scarlet letter serves to set her apart from everyone else. Pearl however, is able to break away from this patriarchy because the community leaves it up to Hester to control her. Ironically, Pearl remains wild and free, and is not restrained by either the Puritan community or Hester, but rather continues to thrive unrestricted in nature (Daniels). Anot her example of Puritan patriarchy in The Scarlet Letter resides in the governor and the positions of power within the town. The governors breast plate of armor that Hester and Pearl find within the palace illustrates how the positions of power within the town are dominated by masculine ideas such as strict punishment and patriarchic rules (Easton, 114-5). This is exemplified in todays society through the domination of men in areas such as politics, corporate leadership, and physically demanding jobs and activities. Likewise in contemporary society, we have seen the rise of women in these areas. The status quo position of women as being subjugated to males runs parallel to the dominant patriarchy that existed in Puritan society. At the same time however, Pearl, who personifies the recessive Puritan qualities of sympathy, charity, and gaiety, (Newberry, 101) exists in todays world through the rise of women and their opposition to dominant male norms. Daniels also brings up Pearls grac e as reflecting a changing role in women by provid[ing] the impetus toward good for Dimmesdale, and in doing so, provid[ing] a new view of the power of the female in a male-dominated society. In this way, going against the norm of patriarchy is a Puritan characteristic in and of itself, and is a direct result of the Puritan moral code that served as a catalyst for this [Pearls transformation] profound change, a change still reverberating in todays society (Daniels).Our generation is replete with examples of scandal and deception, which although not objects of praise or worship, provide the opportunity to draw a myriad of parallels between the Puritans response to these occurrences, and the reactions of present-day society. There is no clearer illustration of scandal and deception in our world than what we see in the media. At any given moment one can find the latest scandal or newest government deception with just the click of a button or turn of a page (Robinson). Shock and disappr oval are strongly defended, and responses to scandal range from mere head shaking to public protests that seek concrete action. This is not to say that society today has a high moral standard, for that is certainly a controversial debate, but rather society is exemplary of ones judgment of the beliefs and actions of others. Barzun describes this as suspicion of others faith and morals. The smallest divergence from the absolute is grave error and wickedness. From there it is a short step to declaring war on the misbelievers. (271-2) People today constantly seek to criticize others, especially those in a position of power, for any minor fault. The Puritans embodied this same criticism through their exclusion and persecution of others, as shown in The Scarlet Letter. Hester and Pearl are excluded from society precisely because Hester identifies herself as being different by being caught in the act of adultery. In their quest to define themselves as morally upstanding citizens, the Puri tans in The Scarlet Letter ostracize Hester. Much like people today, the Puritans found no better way to boost up their self-confidence than by degrading that of another, regardless of the reason. Hawthorne criticizes this warrant for punishment by portraying the Puritans as men and women in sad-colored garments with looks of grim rigidity. (Mills) Their quest to punish at any excuse appeals to the letter of the law in such a way that it detracts them from living the true spirit of their faith, the spirit that lies in Hester and Pearls sympathy and charity. Hesters response to this shunning yet again exemplifies less stereotypical qualities of Puritans. Rather than giving in to their criticism and allowing her life to collapse into shambles, Hester tries her best to allow Pearl to live a life as she wishes, free of societys rules and criticisms. Despite what may at first seem to be an oxymoron, society embodies both the dominant Puritan characteristics of criticism and exclusion bas ed on minor faults as well as the recessive Puritan characteristics, personified by Hester and Pearl, of coping with the criticism without being bothered by the backlash from society.The influence of the Puritan lifestyle on todays world seems full of contradictions. Ranging from intolerance, persecution, and patriarchy to sympathy, compassion, and rebellion against dominant hierarchies, The Scarlet Letter embodies not only the characteristics typical of Puritan society, but also serves as a criticism for those characteristics in its account of Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. Hawthornes account of these three social outcasts demonstrates that some sought to change the dominant Puritan ideals, and the qualities they exemplified were more widespread than often believed. Despite these opposing qualities of Puritanism clashing and co-existing for many years and in many more instances than simply the town of Hester and Pearl, dominant patriarchy, narrow moralism, and the suppression of di ssent have affected contemporary American society significantly more than their opposites (Barzun, 282-3). Works CitedBarzun, Jacques. From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (1500-Present.) New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 2000Daniels, Cindy Lou. Hawthornes Pearl: woman-child of the future. The American Transcendental Quarterly 19.3 (2005): 221Easton, Alison. A Critique of Puritan Society. Reading on The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 114-26Mills, Nicolaus. Commentary; A Useful Lesson About Sex From a Victorian; Scandal: President Clinton Wont Be Wearing a Scarlet Letter, But He Might as well be by the Time the Gossip Subsides Los Angeles Times, 17 Aug. 1998: B5Newberry, Frederick. Hawthorne Examines English Traditions. Reading on The Scarlet Letter. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 100-13Robinson, Danny. The Primary Color: How The Scarlet Letter Captures the Mood of the Capital Today. Pittsburg Post-Gaze tte, 1 Aug. 1998: A13

Pros And Cons Of Visual Communication - 1904 Words

Section 4 Project Visual Communications: is it relevant in the current age? This is my essay on whether or not visual communications is relevant in the current age which includes the pros and cons of visual communications, how it could be done differently or how it could be improved, whether or not the training is cost effective and what equipments are available for visual communications and possible new equipments which could be used in the future. Is visual communications relevant in the current age? Visual communications has been around for hundreds of years and is a massive part of the Royal Navy and the RFA, however over the last few years Visual comms throughout NATO has been used less frequently and better more efficient ways†¦show more content†¦Therefore visual communications is reliable when other methods of communications are unavailable or restricted. When carrying out visual communications you are also not limited to what you can send. When sending plain text use the prosign â€Å"DESIG† then put in the text that is required. Interco pennant means signals taken from BR69 Therefore not restricted to signals only from the Vol II. Flashing light is a lot easier by night than it is by day. Some negative facts about visual communications is unless the ship you are trying to communicate to is in visual range then you will not be able to communicate with anyone. Therefore it is a very limited resource as to when and where you can use it. Also with flaghoists the ship you are communicating with would have to be within 1000 yards to clearly be able to see the flaghoist and decode the message therefore making it a very inefficient way of communicating. There are also other things to take into account when using VS to communicate with other ships; weather. 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Sophocles Antigone By Sophocles - 1495 Words

As one of the most famous tragedies ever written, Antigone, by the Greek playwright Sophocles, has received much notoriety as well as much speculation. Set in the city of Thebes after a devastating civil war between the brothers Polyneices and Eteocles, the play begins after the brothers’ deadly struggle for the throne. Polyneices and Eteocles have already caused the undue deaths of one another, and without another man in their immediate family available, their uncle Creon travels to Thebes to seize the ruling position. The conflict occurs when Creon declares that Eteocles, who bravely fought for his city against the invading army, is to have a proper burial afforded all of the rites his noble death deserved, while Polyneices, who led the invading army, is to remain unburied in order to avoid dishonoring his brother’s sacrifice. Their sisters Ismene and Antigone are left to tackle the difficult situation that remains. While Ismene meekly accepts the law that Creon has o rdained, Antigone stubbornly defies her uncle by burying Polyneices out of loyalty to her family and respect for divine law. Her actions result in a whole host of sorrowful deaths, her own amongst them, as well as an overwhelming despair from Creon who realized the depth of his unwise decisions far too late. However, despite the numerous amount of years this play has been present in literature, a tragic hero has yet to be determined. In the play Antigone, Antigone and Creon are endowed with a tragic flaw,Show MoreRelatedSophocles Antigone By Sophocles Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesIn Sophocles’ play Antigone, two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices fight for the thrown of Thebes. The war comes to an end when both brothers die fighting for the honor, and their uncle Creon becomes the king of Thebes. 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A number of people are for the idea that Creon qualifies since he does possess the real characteristics of what tragedy is all about, while numerous others believe that Antigone is the actual heroRead MoreAntigone by Sophocles1059 Words   |  5 Pages In the book Antigone, Creon and Antigone can be considered as the tragic heroes of the play. Antigone is considered the tragic hero because of the characteristics she shows such as her ambition to defeat Creon, Creon shows more of the characteristics clearly. Creon is the king of Thebes. He is also Antigones uncle. Creon became king after a fight between Eteocles and Polyneices. One may see Creon as a harsh and controlling ruler, but he is not good nor bad because he shows signs of both like whenRead MoreAntigone, by Sophocles1997 Words   |  8 PagesThe death of Antigone is truly a tragic episode in the Theban Plays, where she hung herself with a woven linen of her dress. By convention, her death would be characterized with feminine quality. However, Antigone, one of the few female characters in the book, possessed distinguishable female characteristics that are as remarkable as a male hero. Antigone was determined when she made up her mind to bury her brother. She was an agent o f her words and took up the risks that accompanied to her deedsRead MoreAntigone By Sophocles Antigone1478 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Antigone, Antigone is a presented as a strong woman who is both dedicated to her family and her community. That said, there is much conflict between these two dedications. In this paper, I will give examples of Antigone’s different individual responsibilities and her philosophies and explain how those conflict with the commitment that she is to have to her community and indirectly, her king. 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Creon, the king of Thebes, declares that Eteocles’ death will be honored and Polyneices’ dishonored. He instead will lay unburied to become the food of animals. When the play opens, Antigone takes Ismene, Antigone and Ismene are sisters of the deadRead MoreAntigone, by Sophocles996 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, Antigone, the main character uses rhetoric to effectively persuade her audiences to sympathize with her. In the play, Antigone’s brother, Polyneices, dies a traitor to the Theban people. The king, Creon, decrees that no one is to bury the traitor despite the necessity of burial for proper passing into the afterlife. Believing that Creon’s decree is unjust, Antigone buries her brother. When she is brought to the king, Antigone uses this speech in defense of her actions. In

Implementation of Medication Safety Alerts †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Medication Safety Alerts. Answer: Introduction: The interactive system evaluated in this report is AutoCAD. AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) program or software that is used to create technical 2D or 3D drawings, models or illustrations of buildings, machines, computer chips, manufacturing goods, bridges, roads, fashion products, etc. This is one of the most complex interactive systems. It is used by different professionals such as engineers, architects, designers, artists, drafters (civil drafters, mechanical drafters, electrical drafters, architectural drafters, electrical drafters and electronics drafters), contractors, building managers, game developers, 3D animators, graphic designers, product manufacturers, prototype designers, and inventors, among others. Though largely used in engineering field, AutoCAD software also has applications in different other fields such as fashion and medicine/healthcare(Letafatkar, et al., 2011). The professionals that use AutoCAD are assumed to have been trained on how to use the softw are and fully understand CAD principles. Therefore users of AutoCAD must possess requisite technical knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, AutoCAD is also used as a learning tool that enhances students understanding(Gracia-Ibanez Vergara, 2016) (especially engineering students)(Zakaria, et al., 2012). AutoCAD users have a wide range of capabilities. They can use the software to create 2D or 3D models or drawings of structures or products they want to create; create and provide dimensions (baseline dimensions, angular dimensions or radial dimensions), measurements and notes of the structure or product; create technical blueprints and schematic of structures and products; create layers (that can be turned on and off) of various systems of the structure (such as plumbing systems, electrical systems, heating systems, ventilation systems and air conditioning systems) or product; import layers from other drawings and add them to the working drawing; edit, modify or make changes to the drawings created to correct any errors and ensure that they are as per the required specifications; insert blocks that have already been used or created on the drawing; import a PAGESETUP from other drawings(Pei, 2017); create custom palettes and blocks; create different viewports of the drawing; manipulat e external references; create and apply materials; apply rendering; provide measurements of materials needed to create the structures and products; think creatively and critically; analyze drawings extensively; read and analyze drawings critically; and prepare appropriate drawings template files and construction or manufacturing documentation. Other fundamental capabilities of AutoCAD users include: meticulously understand all commands of the software; know and use shortcut keys so as to finish the design work more quickly; understand all drafting techniques, symbols and codes; quick in learning any new software tools and commands; plan properly on how to start and finish a project successfully; communicate and collaborate effectively with other project team members; store and retrieve data and files easily and quickly; save files in different formats; use the software together with other relevant systems, tools and technologies such as Excel, Building Information Modeling (BIM), lean manufacturing tool, etc., and present final work elegantly, precisely and professionally; interpret drawings clearly. These capabilities vary depending on the knowledge level of the user. The users tested in this paper will be categorized as beginner users, intermediate users, and advanced users. The use cases The subsets of the functionality of AutoCAD software that will considered in this report are: import saved settings of layers from a different drawing (particularly dimension styles, color styles and text styles) and use them in another drawing; insert blocks from other drawings or online sources, and quantity estimation that involves estimating the quantity of materials needed to create the designed structure or product. Therefore the use cases considered in this report are: importing and using layers from a different drawing, inserting blocks that were used and saved in a different drawing, and quantity estimation. All these tasks are completed and tested using AutoCAD. In the first use case, dimension styles, color styles and text styles (layer settings) that were used and saved in a different drawing will be imported and used in the new drawing. The user will be required to start the AutoCAD software, open the working page where the drawing is being created, and follow the requir ed commands so as to important the right layers from the saved drawing and use it in the drawing that is being worked on. In the second use case, the user will have to obtain several blocks from both saved design drawings, and insert them in the drawing that is being worked on. The blocks will include drawing details and symbols. In the third use case, the user will be estimating the total amount of materials that are required to build, manufacture or create the designed structure or product. The quantities of individual components will be determined them summed up to find the total estimate. This report will not consider other use cases of AutoCAD, such as creating new blocks, applying rendering, analyzing drawings comprehensively, importing a PAGESETUP, modifying drawings to accommodate new changes, preparing drawing documentations, etc. The focus will only be on the three use cases mentioned above. In all these use cases, the AutoCAD user must have the requisite capabilities to perform the tasks. For instance, the user must fully understand the tools and commands that should be used, and how to use them. The evaluation methodology The fundamental goal of this process is to determine the capabilities of different AutoCAD users in performing the above mentioned use cases. This will help in determining the most suitable human factors that should be considered when designing AutoCAD and other interactive systems. It is very important to consider human factors when designing interactive systems(Leva, et al., 2015); (Phansalkar, et al., 2010). This is because human factors significantly influence the interaction between users and the systems(Robert, 2011);(Samer, 2016). If appropriate human factors are not considered then users interaction, capabilities and understanding of the systems may not be as good as needed(Al-Ageel, et al., 2015). In other words, human factors influence user capabilities and experience(Abduljalil Kang, 2011); (Saeed, et al., 2014). The users were categorized into three groups: beginner users, intermediate users, and advanced users. Beginner users are those with basic AutoCAD skills. They may be still in the process of training or learning how to use AutoCAD. Intermediate users are those with considerable AutoCAD skills. They are usually those that have completed AutoCAD training and using it for some time. Advanced users are those with high-level AutoCAD capabilities. They must have used the software for quite a long time and therefore are very conversant with it. Each user was required to perform the three tasks consecutively. Before starting to perform the tasks, users were required to note down the goal or expected outcome of the task, state the general procedure of performing each task, list commands that will be used in performing the task, identify various icons or symbols used in performing the task, state the inputs for each task, and give the estimated time to complete the tasks. Thereafter, users exec uted the three tasks, one at a time. After completing the tasks, users were asked to answer questions and give their feedback on the following issues: inputs used, ease of identifying icons, layout complexity, ease of finding and using commands, number of shortcut keys used, quality of texts and images, total time taken to complete the three tasks, efficiency, error frequency, monotony and boredom, task effectiveness, autonomy and user satisfaction. All these tasks were performed using the same version of AutoCAD AutoCAD 2014, installed in desktop computers in the university computer lab. The three tasks in this paper are: importing saved layers from a different drawing, inserting blocks obtained from another drawing, and quantity estimation. Importing layers: layers are one of the elements of AutoCAD drawings that significantly influences how the final drawing looks like. The specific layers imported in this report were dimension styles, color styles and text style. When layer is entered as a command prompt, various options are displayed depending on the structure or product being drawn. If it is building, layer options can include foundation, floor plan, fixtures, doors, cabinets, roof, electrical, plumbing, etc.(Pandey, 2016). The properties and visibility of these objects can be controlled using layers such as linetype, color, etc. Generally, layers help in organizing various objects of the drawing by purpose or function thus reducing its complexity(Autodesk Inc., 2015). They also help in improving visibility of the drawing. Inserting blocks: a block refers to a named object comprising of one or more objects(Autodesk Inc., 2018). When a block is inserted, all information of the block (including layers, linetypes, geometry and colors) are also transferred and stored in a table of definitions behind-the-scenes. The blocks inserted in this exercise were from a different drawing. It is also worth noting that blocks can be inserted from the current drawing. Estimating quantity of materials: AutoCAD can be used to calculate or compute quantities of materials that are needed to create a structure, machine or product that is in the drawing. Since AutoCAD drawings are organized in layers, the user has to estimate materials for each individual layer. For example, if it is a house drawing, the user estimate materials for the floor, doors, windows, roof, fixture, etc. In this task, the user has to estimate volumes of materials for the entire drawing. These tasks aimed at determining users capabilities to use various commands, elements and tools of AutoCAD including: basics such as unitsproperties, commands such as linetype, properties and matchprop, viewing (such as draw order), layers, layouts (such as mview), geometry (such as circle, line, hatch, pline and rectang), precision (such as dist and osnap), blocks (such as external blocks and insert), modifying (such as align, copy, mirror, fillet, erase, extend, explode, rotate, trim, stretch, move, offset, move and pedit commands), dimensions (such as dimaligned, dimlinear, dimangular, diradius, dimdiameter, dimcontinue, and dimstyle), notes labels (such as mleader, style, mtext and mleaderstyle), and printing (such as plot and pagesetup), among others. Besides understanding these commands and tools, the tasks also aimed at determining how users understand and use shortcut keys. Task descriptions Importing layers is executed using the LAYER command, which comprises Layer Properties Manager. The command can be accessed by either clicking Layer Properties tool icon or entering LA or LAYER in the Command window. This displays all layers of the drawing, including current layer, and shows those that are on or off. The user has to choose the layer that he/she wants to work. In the Layer Properties Manger, the user clicks on Layer State then clicks on Manage Layer States from the drop-down list that appears. The user then clicks Import from the Layer States Manager drop-down list. From the dialog box of Import Layer State, the user opens a file name extension that can be .dws, .dwg, or .dwt. The users selected three layer states to import (one at a time) then clicked OK. The layer states that were imported included dimension style, color style and text style. Blocks in this exercise were inserted from another drawing. To do this, the user clicks on Home tab then clicks on Block panel. The user chooses the INSERT command after which a dialog box opens. From the dialog box, the user clicks o Browse button. He/she searches through various options then selects the specific drawing from which to import the block. Thereafter, the user uses the settings in dialog box to insert the block. Some of the section options in the dialog box settings include: Insertion Point section, Scale section and Rotate section. Insertion Point section is where the user specifies the coordinates or exact location where to insert the block. Scale section is used to specify the scale to be used in the drawing. Rotate section is where the user specifies the rotation angle of the block. There is also Explode command that can be used to make other changes to the block(Finkelstein, 2012). After completing these tasks, the user clicks on OK and the block insertion process is complete. Quantity estimation is this case use was executed by clicking on Vision Tools command followed by Roombook panel then Calculate Room Quantities (for a building drawing). After completing the calculation process, the user clicked on View/Edit Results button. This enabled him/her to view subareas related to each of the room quantity that was calculated. This command also helps in making some adjustments such as wall height, threshold area, window area, top ceiling factor, etc.(Autodesk.Help, 2017). The list of materials and their volumes was generated using Materiallist command. The user typed Materiallist in the command line. This was followed by selecting the objects that the user wanted to be included in the material list. After selecting all objects, the user pressed Enter. By pressing F2, the user was able to see the list of material definitions in AutoCADs text window. It is possible to select the material definitions list and copy paste it in MS Word document(Autodesk Inc., 2017 ). Debriefing procedure The methodology is this paper aims at determining the capabilities of different AutoCAD users in three use cases. The user tasks are to import layers, insert blocks and estimate material quantities in AutoCAD. These tasks or use cases will reveal a wide range of information about AutoCAD users. At the end of each use case, the following questions will have been answered: does the user understand the goals or expected results of the use case? Does the user know the overall procedure of the task or use case? Can the user approximate the total time needed to execute the task? Does the user know the required inputs in each task or use case? Does the user know the commands that will be used in each of the tasks or use cases? Does the user understand various shortcut keys that can be used in performing the task? Is the user able to identify various icons and tools? Is the system layout too complex for the user? How many errors did the user make? Were the tasks effectively and efficiently e xecuted? How many times did the user request for assistance? And did the user enjoy or find it easy to execute the tasks? The methodology used in this paper was able to answer all these questions. Evaluation performance In this study, a total of 30 students participated. The students were studying engineering courses at the university. 10 of them were AutoCAD beginners, 10 were intermediate AutoCAD users and 10 were advanced AutoCAD users. The tasks were performed in the universitys computer lab using AutoCAD 2014 version. The participants were informed about the use cases (tasks), the objectives of the study and the expected conduct during the exercise. There were also two tutors present in the computer lab during the exercise to help students where necessary. The tutors had advanced knowledge in AutoCAD use. Besides that, three engineering lecturers assessed the students work. The students also filled a form to indicate various elements based on the experience they had from performing the three tasks in AutoCAD. In general, evaluation of this exercise was based on the following: students understanding of the expected results at the end of each task, students understanding of the steps to be used i n executing the tasks, ability to estimate the total time needed to complete the three tasks, complexity of the AutoCAD system, ability of students to outline inputs needed to complete the tasks, students ability to name the commands used in performing each task, students ability to know the shortcut keys for various command, number of errors made by the student, students efficiency and effectiveness to perform the tasks, easiness or difficulty of executing the tasks, and overall satisfaction of the students. Some of the results obtained from this study are as follows: The number of users who stated the steps followed to complete each task is as shown in the table below Steps Number of users of total steps 8 N of total steps 13 N of total steps 9 From Figure 1 above, it shows that most of the users know the general procedure of executing the tasks. Nevertheless, advanced users were able to state the whole procedure, followed by intermediate users then beginners some of whom could not highlight all the steps. The average number of commands identified by the participants before starting to execute the tasks are as shown in the table below User Number of commands Beginner 5 Intermediate 10 Advanced 15 The graph in Figure 2 above shows that all users were able to identify some commands used in executing the tasks. The advanced users identified more commands, followed by intermediate users then beginners identified the least number of commands. It is an indicator that advanced users have more knowledge and skills about the commands used. The average number of shortcut keys identified by the participants before starting to execute the tasks are as shown in the table below User Number of shortcut keys Beginner 4 Intermediate 8 Advanced 12 The graph in Figure 3 above shows that all users were able to identify some shortcut keys used in executing the tasks. The advanced users identified more shortcut keys, followed by intermediate users then beginners identified the least number of shortcut keys. It is an indicator that advanced users have more knowledge and skills about the shortcut keys used. It also shows that some users, especially beginners, were only using the mouse but not the keyboard keys because they did not understand how to execute some commands using shortcuts. The average time taken by different users to complete the three tasks is as shown in the table below User Total time taken to complete the task (minutes) Beginner 75 Intermediate 45 Advanced 24 The graph in Figure 4 above shows that advanced users spent the shortest time to complete the tasks while beginners spent the longest time. This is probably because advanced users had better understand of the steps to be followed, commands to be used and the right shortcut keys to use in executing the tasks. The average number of errors made by different users are as shown in the table below User Number of errors made Beginner 15 Intermediate 8 Advanced 3 From Figure 5 above, advanced users made very few errors while beginners made most of the errors. This shows that users with more knowledge and advanced capabilities are likely to make fewer errors than novice users of AutoCAD. The average number of times that the users asked for assistance from the tutors are as shown in the table below User Number of times asked for assistances Beginner 4 Intermediate 1 Advanced 0 From Figure 6 above, there was no advanced user who requested for any assistance from the tutors. Also, only a few intermediate users requested for assistances. Most of the assistance requested were made by beginners. This against shows that users knowledge is directly related to the capabilities of users to execute the tasks. The number of users who found executing the tasks easy or difficult are as shown in the table below Easy/difficult Number of users Difficult 5 Relatively easy 10 Very easy 15 From the graph in Figure 7 above, the largest number of users found the tasks to be very easy or relatively easy. This is likely to include all advanced users, most intermediate users and may be a few beginners. Those who found it difficult to execute the tasks must have found the systems layout to be more complex and were less familiar with the general procedure, commands, tools and shortcut keys. The overall efficiency and effectiveness of completing the three tasks by the different users is as shown in the table below User Average efficiency and effectiveness (%) Beginner 52 Intermediate 75 Advanced 85 From Figure 8 above, advanced users completed the tasks very efficiently and effectively. They were followed by intermediate users and lastly beginners. The beginners were less efficient and less effective probably because they had less knowledge and expertise on identifying and using commands, tools and shortcut keys. The overall satisfaction of completing the three tasks by the different users is as shown in the table below User Average user satisfaction (%) Beginner 65 Intermediate 85 Advanced 90 From the graph in Figure 9 above, advanced users attained the greatest satisfaction (at 90%) with the interactive system (AutoCAD software). Intermediate users were also significantly satisfied (at 85%), followed by beginners (at 65%). The satisfaction levels were high and therefore it can be concluded that all users were satisfied beyond average. The findings of the evaluation All the participants involved in this study had knowledge on how to use the interactive system (AutoCAD). They understood what all the tasks (case uses) meant and what was required to be done. All the categories of the users (i.e. beginner, intermediate and advanced users) had a certain of understanding on how to import layers, insert blocks, and estimate materials quantities. Nevertheless, they clearly demonstrated different capabilities of executing the three tasks. From the results obtained, it is clear that different users have varied capabilities of using the interactive system. Obviously, advanced users had the greatest capabilities, followed by intermediate users, then beginners had the least capabilities. Advanced users are more knowledgeable and experienced on how to use the interactive system. They generally understand all the steps that should be followed from to start to end, they know the expected results or outcomes of each task, they understand almost all commands that have to be used and where to find them, they can use shortcut keys instead of the mouse only hence completing tasks easily and quickly, they dont have a problem with the layout of the system because they are more familiar with it, they make very few errors (if any) and can easily know when they have made such errors and correct them on their own, they do not need assistance on how to use the system effectively, they are able to execute tasks efficiently and effectivel y, and they are more satisfied with the whole process. However, the evaluation methodology used in this paper could not directly and specifically identify human factors that should be considered when designing an interactive system such as CAD systems. The evaluation method could have been better if it helped in identifying elements such as the effects of colors and type of symbols of the commands, brightness of computer screen, grip of computer keyboard, etc. on the ability of users to execute the tasks. The main focus in this study was on the behavior and capability of the user. However, human factors in systems design entails both the behavior/capabilities of the user and the environment(Yan, et al., 2014). The environment aspect comprises of factors that influence the comfort of the user, such as posture of the user, accessibility of the system, comfort of the user, motion/movement of the user and lighting conditions, among others(Deng, et al., 2016);(Elmansy, (n.d.)). Therefore the evaluation methodology did not include the environm ent aspect of human factors in systems design. Some of the benefits of considering both environmental and behavioral human factors when designing interactive systems include: increased applicability of users capabilities, improved system use, decreased time needed to perform the task, reduced number of errors, improved autonomy of using the system, and increased user satisfaction. The findings from this study can be used to improve the interaction between users and interactive systems, such as AutoCAD. To achieve this, all users should be asked to provide feedback about some of the problems or issues that affected their capabilities. If for example the layout of the system hindered them from finding commands easily, they should suggest how they layout of the system should look like. If they had a problem with the system colors, computer patterns, size of icons, etc., they should provide suggestions on how they should be changed. In design process of interactive system, this is what is referred to as requirement specification or identifying user needs. Once the user needs have been comprehensively identified, subsequent design phases should follow, including architectural design, detailed design, coding and testing, integration and testing, operation and maintenance. Generally, interactive systems should be designed and developed with the needs of users in mind . References Abduljalil, S. Kang, D., 2011. Analysis of Human Factors in Software Applcation Design for Effective User Experience. Seoul, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Al-Ageel, N., Al-Wabil, A., Badr, G. AlOmar, N., 2015. Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Bionformatics Tools. Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 3, pp. 2003-2010. Autodesk Inc., 2015. About Layers. 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